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The city includes the most important Gothic -style secular building in Transylvania: the Hunyad Castle , which is closely connected with the Hunyadi family. The castle was destroyed by fire five times, but underwent many reconstructions from Austro-Hungarian and later Romanian authorities.
Besides the castle, the town developed as a production center for iron and a market for the mountain regions nearby. During the 20th century, Hunedoara's population increased to 86, inhabitants. This was a blow to the overall prosperity of the town, which is now recovering through new investments.
The population consists of a Romanian majority, with Hungarians and Roma as the most important minorities. The city contains numerous parks, with poplars and chestnut trees flanking the streets.
There are many tourist attractions, including a large dam with tourist facilities, located in the mountains a few kilometers from the city. The name of the town seems inexorably linked to the name of the Hunyadi family also known as Corvinus. Historically, the following names were recorded: Hungnod , Huniad , Hwnyadwar , Vayda Hunyadi The region was very rich in iron, which had been extracted in the area since the Iron Age by Thracian tribes.
The discovery of important monetary treasures of Dacian coins and Roman imperial coins testifies to the importance of the site. After Dacia was conquered around AD and turned into a Roman province, the iron-rich region attracted the attention of the Romans, who began to exploit it by building furnaces.
Other Roman artifacts were discovered in the city area, and also in Pestis, where the remains of a Roman village were discovered. The new capital city of the Roman province of Dacia, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa , was also situated in the proximity.
After the Roman military and administrative retreat during the Migration Period the region had no significant historic sites, although it may be possible that the iron activity continued. The ethnic structure of the region changed significantly, most notably with Goths , Huns , Slavs , Pechenegs , Magyars and Cumans.
There is an ongoing scholarly debate over the ethnicity of Transylvania's population before the Hungarian conquest see Origin of the Romanians. After , as part of Kingdom of Hungary , under Slavic influence small political feuds grew ruled by knjazes. South of the Carpathians the Pechenegs and Cumans held political power, and Hunedoara acted as a buffer zone for the Hungarian Crown.
In time, the Vlach populations in the mountains nearby developed an original highlander culture. Their land is called "Tara Padurenilor" Woodlanders Country and they began to dominate the area demographically. The region also had a sizable population of German Saxons , colonizers brought by the Hungarian Crown after the Mongol Invasion and later, Romani who migrated from the Indian subcontinent.
The first recorded evidence of the city was made in under the name Hungnod as a hub for leather tanning and wool processing. The city of Hunedoara became an important iron extracting and processing center in Transylvania. As the backbone for the manufacture of weapons and tools, the town industry was vital for the region. The city has been known since the 14th century mainly as the residence of the Hunyadi family. The origins of the Hunyadi family are a topic of ongoing debate among historians.
Hunedoara received town privileges in from the King of Hungary. John Hunyadi consolidated the citadel on top of an ancient fortress, creating the two main halls, for Diet and Knights.
A Franciscan abbey was built nearby the castle in and John of Capistrano , a famous Italian monk, was sent by the Pope to organize a crusade against the Turks, and lived in the castle.
John of Capistrano became instrumental later in inciting the peasantry to crusade, starting from Frankfurt and marching towards Belgrade.
John Hunyadi was a leading military leader in the growing confrontation with the Ottoman Empire. He fought in the service of Sigismund , mastering military tactics in the Hussite Wars, and became the most skillful warrior of Hungary. He was elevated and named Voivode Prince of Transylvania, which was at the time an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Elected regent of Hungary, he formed a coalition with the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia and engaged in crusades against the Turks to free Serbia and Bulgaria.
The crusade, for a brief period, united the diverging forces of the Balkans, and the victories gained in battles managed to secure the Kingdom of Hungary from Ottoman occupation for over a century. In Matthias gave permission to the Wallachian serfs to build an Orthodox church, beautifully decorated with paintings and preserved until today.
He continued to consolidate the castle and the feudal domain of Hunedoara. The castle of Hunedoara became one of the biggest in the medieval world, standing as a witness to the greatness of his family of noble warriors and statesmen, in an era of war and despair for the region, as the Ottoman Empire approached Central Europe. In the times of Hunyadi rule, Hunedoara became a market opiddum for iron.
Matthias Corvinus named the city a tax-free area, and this privilege lasted until the 17th century. The population varied between people in and people in the 17th century. The town numbered houses, a considerable size for the time, and was ruled by an appointed Orthodox priest. In a fire destroyed houses. In the castle was besieged by the Wallachian army of Michael the Brave in his campaign — while ruling Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania — against the Ottoman Empire , and to switch the Ottoman vassalage to the Habsburgs.
The town and the castle survived relatively unharmed by the Counter-Reformation of Giorgio Basta , general of the Habsburg Empire. By , ownership of the castle passed to the Bethlen family. By , the castle passed into the possession of Michael Apafi , the pro-Habsburg Prince of Transylvania.
In , the old church was returned to the Franciscans, and in it reacquired it's monastic rank. By this time, the majority of population was Romanian. Most of current Hunedoara was at that time a lush plain through which the Cerna river was meandering. The first blast furnace was built by , [ citation needed ] followed by another four.
The mine shaft can still be viewed. Iron manufactures were also situated nearby. In there was already a steel mill on the Cerna river producing tons of pig iron and 66 tons of iron by In Georg Steinhilbert made a second one and a third was made in In the operations were handled directly by the Treasury. Of the mills mentioned, one was located under the main bridge and its walls are now in ruins.
Both furnaces can be visited today. The last remaining 2. In the summer of they have removed this last remaining section of this line. There are efforts now for restoring the train line for tourism purposes.
In the 18th and part of the 19th century, as the town of Hunedoara became more and more industrialized, peasants from regions nearby began to move to the city and the population increased. The Romanians who at the time formed about approx. The castle in Hunedoara gave refuge to the local nobility, and it was its last function as military defense. Later representatives from the region were sent to the Romanian national assemblies held in Blaj during the Revolution where Romanians decided to demand equal rights and resist the attempt of Hungary of gaining independence from the Habsburg House.
This started a small scale insurrection across Transylvania that was quickly quieted by the Hungarian army, except for the Apuseni Mountains , on the north of Hunedoara, where the tribune Avram Iancu struggled to keep the Hungarian forces away from controlling the gold mines. The subsequent failures of the later Austro-Hungarian monarchy to fulfill to the demands of the Romanians together with the Magyarization campaigns further exacerbated and alienated the Romanian population of Hunedoara.
After the ending of the war Transylvania became part of Romania. The Romanian populations in and around the city quickly earned political rights and representation, and industrial development continued at an ever-increasing rate. The Romanian Army lost , soldiers on the Eastern Front and the Allies, an additional , soldiers fighting against the Axis. After the Soviet occupation and the subsequent communist regime, industry was favored, and Hunedoara had for a time the biggest steel-producing plant in Romania and the Balkans.
The city grew larger, and the factories extended so much that they equaled or exceeded the size of the city. The population also increased to over 87, The football team, Corvinul Hunedoara, was for a very long time one of the highest-rated football teams in Romania, rivaling Steaua or Dinamo. A large stadium was built along with other sports facilities such as covered swimming pools and a skating ring.
Besides the Corvinul sports club, two other sport clubs were constructed, Constructorul and Siderurgistul, each offering different sport facilities. Other notable constructions included a theater house, several large cinemas, many schools and high-schools and an engineering faculty. The communist collapse meant that the old markets for steel vanished, and many enterprises had to be closed or abandoned. However, investment from Romanian and foreign capital ventures started offering new job opportunities for the people.
Currently Arcelor-Mittal runs what is left of the steel works. The steel mill now operates the No. Production is scheduled to rise above , tons of steel in and beyond. The rest of the production facilities have been demolished or have been sold to private investors. Before modern times, the ethnic balance of Hunedoara was more diverse, as was the case elsewhere in the region. During the rise of nationalism in the region the Romanians already had a solid majority and there was little of the ethnic friction that were to be found elsewhere in Transylvania see Magyarization and Romanianization.
The census registered 1, residents, consisting of 1, Romanians, Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks and 86 Roma. The census registered 4, residents, consisting of 1, Romanians, 1, Hungarians, Germans, and Slovaks. The number of Hungarians dwindled after the Treaty of Trianon of when Transylvania became part of Romania , while the fall of Communism in December saw most German families leaving the town and the country to Germany. During the Communist era , as the Steel Works were functioning the population peaked at 89,, as workers moved in from the surrounding countryside as well as Oltenia and Moldavia.
In the transition era that followed the fall of communism, a large percentage of the Romanian population lost their jobs and many left the town in search for better opportunities elsewhere. According to the latest census, from , there were 57, people living within the city of Hunedoara, [4] making it the 32nd largest city in Romania. The ethnic makeup is as follows:.
It is one of the largest castles in Europe and is featured as one of the Seven Wonders of Romania. Hunyadi is the internationally more recognized name for the same family, Corvin being used mostly by Romanians. The impressive size and architectural beauty sets it among the most impressive monuments of medieval art, with subsequent developments added Gothic and then Renaissance and Baroque. It has an impressive draw bridge, countless towers, a number of interior courts, and two large halls, "Knight Hall" and "Diet Hall", as it housed the Diet of Transylvania for a short period.
The castle history is mostly related to the Hunyadi family, being the place where John Hunyadi spent his childhood.
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